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When the dinosaurs disappeared|so too did the gigantic marine reptiles that once|terrorised the oceans. For almost twenty-five million|years there was nothing around to eat the sharks. But there are now awesome new|monsters of the deep. The giant whales have arrived. Forget the gentle filter feeders|of the twenty-first century. These days every whale is a killer. lt is the late Eocene and the|world is still a hot one. However it is drier than before|and so where once the land was completely covered|in lush rainforest there are now more open spaces. Freed from the constraints of|living in dense forest some mammals have started|to get larger. Here on the scrub plains|big is beautiful. These changes have not|suited everyone. The large killer birds are no|longer much in evidence, replaced on most continents|by fearsome new mammal predators. Like dinosaurs before them mammals|dominate the planet. But they are about to undergo|their severest challenge. The climate change the world|has seen so f ar is mild compared to what is coming. This programme is about the|beginning of primate chaos The problem starts not on land|but in the ocean and affects even the mightiest of mammals. This is the legendary Tethys|a tropical sea that stretches almost half way round|the world and has connected Asia with the Atlantic since the|time of the dinosaurs. lt is now home to one of the|mammal's biggest success stories. Basilosaurus - eighteen metres|of predatory whale. Four times the length of|a Great White Shark. This female weighs sixty tons lncredible to think then their ancestors|were tiny furry shrew like animals that lived in trees. At this time of year off|the coast of the Northern Tethys Basilosaurus gather to mate. A female is being eagerly pursued|by several males. But it is the eldest and biggest|male that she chooses to mate with Mating is not an easy task for two|such huge free floating animals they need a little extra help. As the successful male manoeuvres|into position he calls upon one small legacy of their distant|land ancestors. Basilosaurus retain two|tiny back legs. These are useless for walking|or even swimming, but they are used to help lock|their long narrow bodies together during mating. The whales of the future will|lose these legs altogether. The courtship is over but as|it will turn out, a natural disaster that is|looming is about to make things very tough indeed for|marine life. This female's f ate is being|influenced by events f ar f ar away in the Antarctic. For the first time in hundreds of|millions of years the sea is freezing at the Poles, throwing|ocean currents into turmoil. For a whale that needs on average|eighty kilograms of food a day, the slightest change of fish|stocks is bad news. She is at the top of a food chain|that is about to collapse and she has just become pregnant. The ocean currents are also|starting to disrupt the climate and have already affected weather|patterns along the Tethys coastline. Many areas used to high rainf all|have suffered prolonged drought this year. Despite these problems life|ploughs on as best it can. But the drought can have some|pretty nasty side-effects. This is Andrewsarchus, a huge|carnivore as tall as a horse and weighing close to a ton. Normally he wanders inland in|search of food, but the drought has driven him|onto the beach. Bad news for the exhausted turtles|struggling back to the water after a night laying eggs. At first the Andrewsarchus seems|a little unsure of what to do with these curious|shelled creatures. He is more used to picking|over the carcasses of giant herbivores. Despite appearance|Andrewsarchus is not related to modern scavengers like dogs|or hyenas. Bizarrely he has hooves on his|feet instead of claws. ln f act his nearest modern|relatives are hoofed animals like sheep and goats ... He is in a sense a sheep|in wolf's clothing. He is also the largest mammal|carnivore ever to walk the earth. His huge one metre long jaws are|designed to crush anything, so the turtle's main defence|is of little use. During droughts scavengers often do well|but in the long run the hoofed predators will not adapt quickly enough|to changes in the climate. He is the last of a dying breed. Months have passed and the erratic|ocean currents have disturbed the fish stock so much that|the female Basilosaurus is searching for food hundreds of miles from her|usual hunting grounds. Four months pregnant, her situation|has become critical. She is now forced to hunt|in the most unlikely places. Lining the southern edges of|the Tethys are endless expanses of mangrove swamp. ln the Eocene it's a vast thriving|network of waterways, but believe it or not you are looking|at what will become one of the driest areas on the planet|the Sahara Desert. lt's hardly a classic hunting ground|for an ocean-going whale, but she is desperate and there is|prey here of a sort. ln the labyrinth of tidal channels|her size is a real handicap, but hunger draws her in. Watching from the branches|above are primates. These are Apidium that live in highly|social groups and word quickly gets around when a threat is spotted. Other creatures here are oblivious|to the new danger. The amphibious mammal Moeritherium|is too large to be bothered by the usual predators|such as crocodiles, so they ignore the chattering primates|and return to the business of eating. The Apidium move away from the channel|and continue through the mangroves looking for fruiting trees. Because different trees fruit at|different times they often have to cross the waterways. This is a very risky activity. There are sharks and crocodiles|to worry about ... and now there is a whale as well. lt's a leap of f aith,|but leaping is one thing Apidium are very good at. The whale is frustrated for the moment. With the rising tide however some|waterways become too wide to jump and the Apidium have to find more|hazardous ways across closer to the water. Today their nightmare came true. lt was a shark. They certainly won't cross now, they'll have to wait for|the tide to go down. By contrast the water isn't usually|dangerous for the Moeritherium. They spend most of their day here. Although they are shaped like hippos|and look a bit like pigs, Moeritherium are related to neither. Look closely though and the|Moeritherium's nose betrays its true f amily connection. The nostrils and lip have joined|together to become one dextrous muscular unit which helps|them forage for food. This is in f act a type of trunk. These benign herbivores are early|relatives of the elephant. At around two hundred kilograms|they are too big for the sharks. One Moeritherium heads off|for pastures new ... But he is heading straight for|the jaws of the female Basilosaurus. The Moeritherium scrabbles onto|dry land just in time. But the hungry Basilosaurus|isn't about to give up yet. Dry land and safety are only|temporary things in the mangroves. The water still has some way to rise|and most solid ground will become seabed in just a few hours|time as the high tide sweeps in. The Basilosaurus will soon be able|to reach the stranded Moertherium. ln her desperation she has attacked|too early and run aground. By the time the whale has worked|herself free the Moeritherium has escaped to the shallower channels|where even the starving Basilosaurus won't follow. For the whale, the mangroves|are turning out to be no better than the open sea. The Eocene El Nino continues|to wreak havoc. The weather patterns that|animals rely on are confused. ln the Northern Tethys the rains|have come, but six weeks later than usual. And then instead of lasting months|they are over in a few weeks. ln the scrubland the rains have|finally provided new growth, but the damage caused by the prolonged|drought has already been done. These Brontothere herds in particular|have been hit hard. Though distantly related to horses and|rhinos they're not much like either. They're twice as big as modern rhinos|with brains just one third of the size. They are not the brightest of beasts Still they are one of the most|successful groups of mammals around, found across the Northern Hemisphere|in herds of hundreds. This year though some herds are|in a sorry state. This should be a time for calving|but a high proportion are being still-born. The few youngsters that have survived|the drought continue to behave as youngsters always do. These two adolescent males practice|for adulthood, challenging one another over as yet non existent females. ln another difference to rhinos the|outgrowths on their noses are not horn or hair, but bone. These are more for show than|for head-butting. The bone crests are f ar|too brittle for that. The scavengers are having|a better time of it. And Andrewsarchus is trying to harass|a mother Brontothere and get at her dead calf. The female though is being|fiercely protective. lt is impossible to say whether|this mother even understands that her calf is dead. Like most mammals she has a very|strong bond with her offspring and will defend it for|as long as she can. Now a second Andrewsarchus has arrived. lt is going to be difficult for|the mother to keep them both away. The first Andrewsarchus seizes|its chance. After all day defending a lost cause|the mother appears to be giving up. The scavengers aren't used to|having to share the spoils. As they wrestle for the calf|the mother mistakes its movement for signs of life She is spurred into action again. She returns to her lonely and|fruitless vigil. The Andrewsarchus will be back. As the weeks pass the environmental|crisis at sea shows no sign of easing. lt can only be described|as an ocean f amine. For the female Basilosaurus|who is now heavily pregnant things are desperate. She is getting barely enough|for herself to eat never mind her unborn calf. With her limited f at reserves|all but gone, her body will soon abort her offspring|in order to preserve her own life. Suddenly the sea around her is filled|with the bustling activity of a group of smaller whales called Dorudon. When Dorudon gather in numbers|it means that the females are about to give birth. This might look like a friendly greeting|it is anything but. The smaller whales are mobbing|the giant, using their numbers to try and force her away. Basilosaurus preys on their young|and somewhere nearby must be the Dorudon's calving ground. lt appears as though she has been|driven to the seabed. But there is method in her madness. She has to do something that is more|important than ever if her unborn calf is to survive. She must scratch. By dragging herself over a convenient|sandbar she can slough off the outer layer of her skin and with|it any parasites or barnacles that may have got a foothold. For an animal that relies|on speed to hunt, keeping her body sleek and|streamlined is the difference between success and hunger. She is ready to go hunting whales. Every year Dorudon gather in this calm,|protected lagoon to give birth. The first calves are appearing|just a few days old and already in mortal danger. The Basilosaurus has found the lagoon ... She has been spotted and the calves|are quickly shepherded away from the threat. Defending together the adult Dorudon|launch aggressive attacks against the Basilosaurus in an attempt|to drive her off. Their efforts appear|surprisingly effective. The Basilosaurus moves away. Calm is restored but|it won't last for long. This is a hungry mother. Over the course of the next few days|the Basilosaurus returns time after time. The lagoon is transformed from|a sanctuary into a bloodbath This is what it means to be|top of the food chain. lt has taken the death of several|Dorudon calves to further the survival of the unborn Basilosaurus. lt has been a year since|the female Basilosaurus mated. She is once again out in the open seas But this time she is not alone. Against all the odds|she has finally given birth. Against the odds she and|her calf have survived. Sadly what they have been through|is merely the start of the climate chaos to follow which will end|the Eocene period and cause the largest extinction since the death|of the dinosaurs. As devastating as any meteor will be|the catastrophic disruption of the ocean's currents caused|by the gradual freezing of Antarctica. Like a gigantic El Nino only|much much worse. Twenty percent of living things|on earth will die out. Whales as a group will survive|but Basilosaurus and her kind will not be among them. Next time mammals on land go|from big to bigger. We will walk with the lndricothere's - ...mammals that rival in size|the dinosaurs of old. lt is a world of the big,|the bad and the ugly. |
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