BBC - The Blue Planet (4 of 8) - Frozen Seas
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The frozen seas are worlds[br]unto themselves
00:00:49.01,00:00:52.01
Beneath their ceiling of ice[br]they have an eerie,
00:00:52.01,00:00:56.00
almost magical stillness, cut off[br]from the storms that rage above
00:01:02.02,00:01:06.02
In the winter, the feeble slanting[br]rays of the sun bring little warmth
00:01:06.02,00:01:10.02
and the temperature seldom rises[br]above minus fifty degrees Centigrade
00:01:24.04,00:01:28.03
For much of the year,[br]it is dark and cripplingly cold
00:01:29.05,00:01:32.05
Yet, there is life here[br]- at both ends of the earth...
00:01:32.05,00:01:36.04
the Arctic and the Antarctic
00:01:45.06,00:01:48.06
For most animals, whether they[br]live in or out of water,
00:01:48.06,00:01:52.06
the winters, when much of the sea[br]is frozen, bring the greatest challenge
00:01:58.07,00:01:59.08
The Northern hemisphere
00:01:59.08,00:02:02.08
It's February, and as the Earth[br]tilts on its axis,
00:02:02.08,00:02:05.08
the sun's rays creep[br]slowly northwards
00:02:05.08,00:02:09.07
and the Arctic emerges[br]from its harsh winter
00:02:12.09,00:02:16.08
The Arctic is a frozen ocean[br]surrounded by continents
00:02:17.09,00:02:19.10
- and when the surface of the sea[br]between the continents freezes
00:02:19.10,00:02:23.09
from shore to shore, land predators[br]walk out onto it - to hunt
00:02:31.11,00:02:35.10
It's early March and the sea[br]is still covered with ice
00:02:37.11,00:02:41.11
But there are patches of open water[br]- polynyas - that never freeze over
00:02:42.12,00:02:45.12
Here, where tidal currents[br]are squeezed between islands,
00:02:45.12,00:02:49.11
the water movement is so strong[br]that ice cannot form
00:02:54.13,00:02:58.12
Walruses spend the[br]winter in polynyas
00:02:59.14,00:03:01.14
Here they have permanent[br]access to the air,
00:03:01.14,00:03:05.13
but they can also retreat to[br]the sea to shelter to hunt
00:03:19.16,00:03:21.16
Other sea mammals overwinter[br]in the polynyas as well
00:03:21.16,00:03:25.15
- in this one, a young bowhead whale
00:03:34.17,00:03:38.16
Here the current is really fast[br]and the shifting ice is dangerous
00:03:44.18,00:03:48.17
This whale became trapped when[br]ice encircled it last autumn
00:03:57.19,00:04:01.20
There is no food here, but a whale[br]must breathe and the only place
00:04:01.20,00:04:05.19
that it can do so, for miles around,[br]is in this tiny hole
00:04:08.20,00:04:12.20
It's living entirely on its reserves[br]of fat, but now they are dangerously low
00:04:14.21,00:04:18.20
It will be some months yet,[br]before it can escape
00:04:31.23,00:04:34.23
Elsewhere, other whales[br]have also been trapped
00:04:34.23,00:04:36.23
These are belugas
00:04:36.23,00:04:39.24
Their tiny hole in the ice[br]has been kept open,
00:04:39.24,00:04:43.24
not by currents but by[br]the belugas' continuous movements
00:04:43.24,00:04:47.23
as they rise to breathe
00:04:50.25,00:04:54.25
Open water is now some[br]twenty miles away
00:04:54.25,00:04:58.24
It will be two months yet[br]before the ice melts
00:05:09.27,00:05:13.26
The belugas are extremely thin[br]- and most of them are horribly scarred
00:05:23.28,00:05:27.27
But their wounds were not[br]inflicted by the ice
00:05:35.29,00:05:39.28
A whale would be a huge prize for[br]any meat-eating hunter and these belugas,
00:05:40.30,00:05:44.29
trapped by the ice,[br]are within reach of polar bears
00:05:57.31,00:06:01.31
Well aware of the danger, the belugas[br]stay submerged as long as they can
00:06:02.32,00:06:06.31
But they can only hold their breath[br]for about twenty minutes
00:06:25.34,00:06:29.33
Catching a four-metre long whale[br]that weighs one ton is no easy task
00:06:31.35,00:06:35.34
- even if that whale is[br]weakened by starvation
00:06:46.36,00:06:50.36
But a beluga is well[br]worth waiting for
00:07:12.39,00:07:14.39
Day by day, as the hole[br]gets bigger,
00:07:14.39,00:07:18.38
it becomes increasingly difficult[br]for the bear to land a whale
00:07:22.40,00:07:26.39
Keeping its fur in good condition and[br]free from salt is important for warmth
00:07:27.40,00:07:31.40
- and the bear uses snow[br]like blotting paper
00:07:42.42,00:07:46.42
These belugas have been attacked by many[br]bears over the last six months
00:07:46.42,00:07:50.42
- and some have been caught
00:07:52.43,00:07:55.43
It may have taken a long time and[br]a lot of patience, but a catch,
00:07:55.43,00:07:59.42
when it's made, brings abundant[br]rewards of energy rich blubber
00:08:11.45,00:08:14.45
Gulls rely on bear-kills[br]at this time of the year
00:08:14.45,00:08:18.44
- and the colour of blood staining the[br]ice attracts them from a long way away
00:08:24.46,00:08:28.46
The remaining belugas still have[br]a long wait before they are released
00:08:28.46,00:08:32.46
from their prison and[br]the threat of slaughter
00:08:59.50,00:09:03.49
Arctic foxes also rely on the[br]polar bears to hunt on their behalf
00:09:04.50,00:09:08.49
They're the jackals of the north and[br]scavenge from bear kills whenever they can
00:09:18.51,00:09:22.52
In winter and early spring,[br]they are wholly dependent on bears
00:09:22.52,00:09:24.52
Only in the summer,[br]when the sea ice melts,
00:09:24.52,00:09:28.51
will they regularly[br]catch prey for themselves
00:09:36.53,00:09:38.53
They are not strong enough[br]to tackle adult seals,
00:09:38.53,00:09:42.53
but can certainly take[br]new-born pups or birds
00:09:55.55,00:09:59.56
This canny individual[br]is going to bury its prize
00:09:59.56,00:10:03.55
- it may need it during[br]the uncertain times ahead
00:10:06.56,00:10:09.57
The presence of bears[br]affects the behaviour of almost
00:10:09.57,00:10:13.57
all the animals here[br]- big and small
00:10:13.57,00:10:17.57
The bears tend to avoid the fringe of[br]fragmented ice bordering open water
00:10:17.57,00:10:20.58
- where travelling can[br]be very laborious
00:10:20.58,00:10:24.58
But that very fact makes[br]this area - the pack ice
00:10:24.58,00:10:28.57
- a particularly good place[br]for seals to pup
00:10:36.59,00:10:38.59
Harp seals breed here
00:10:38.59,00:10:41.60
Their pups are born with white[br]coats which camouflage them
00:10:41.60,00:10:45.59
very effectively against the snow
00:10:46.60,00:10:49.61
Harp seals have a very[br]short nursing period
00:10:49.61,00:10:52.61
- a necessity on this[br]unstable pack ice
00:10:52.61,00:10:55.61
But suckling is intensive
00:10:55.61,00:10:59.60
The pup feeds for just twelve days[br]on milk that is 45 percent fat
00:11:01.62,00:11:05.61
Then it is abandoned[br]and has to fend for itself
00:11:08.62,00:11:12.62
A male hooded seal
00:11:14.63,00:11:18.62
This impressive nasal display is used[br]to warn away other males...
00:11:25.64,00:11:29.63
...and to win a mate[br]Hooded seals also breed on pack ice
00:11:31.65,00:11:34.65
Their pups suckle for only four days
00:11:34.65,00:11:37.65
- the shortest nursing period[br]known for any mammal
00:11:37.65,00:11:40.66
- and all because the[br]threat of polar bears
00:11:40.66,00:11:44.65
caused them to breed[br]on the unstable ice
00:11:58.67,00:12:02.67
Another Arctic seal opts[br]for the solid ice further north
00:12:03.68,00:12:06.68
Because it's easy for[br]bears to hunt here,
00:12:06.68,00:12:10.68
these ringed seals must be particularly[br]vigilant and have to hide their pups
00:12:16.69,00:12:19.70
Ringed seals are comparatively small,[br]so they can give birth
00:12:19.70,00:12:23.69
to their pups in little caves,[br]or lairs, under the snow
00:12:24.70,00:12:28.69
Here, a pup is out of sight[br]and protected from bad weather
00:12:32.71,00:12:36.71
In late March and into April,[br]female bears emerge from winter
00:12:36.71,00:12:40.72
dens with their new cubs
00:12:40.72,00:12:44.71
The mother has not eaten for at least[br]five months and she's hungry - very hungry
00:12:54.73,00:12:57.73
If she doesn't succeed in catching[br]a regular supply of seals,
00:12:57.73,00:13:01.73
her milk will fail and[br]her cub will die
00:13:07.74,00:13:10.75
Bears have an extraordinarily[br]sensitive sense of smell
00:13:10.75,00:13:14.74
and can detect seal pups hidden in[br]the snow from two kilometres away
00:13:28.76,00:13:31.77
But a female ringed seal[br]uses several lairs
00:13:31.77,00:13:34.77
and a bear will almost certainly[br]have to break into a number
00:13:34.77,00:13:38.76
before it finds one[br]that is occupied
00:13:46.78,00:13:48.78
This is a crucial time[br]for the cub
00:13:48.78,00:13:52.79
By watching its mother hunt[br]and by copying her actions,
00:13:52.79,00:13:56.78
it's beginning to acquire the[br]rudiments of its own hunting skills
00:14:01.80,00:14:05.79
Play is also important for developing[br]muscles and improving co-ordination
00:14:26.82,00:14:29.83
As the days go by,[br]the sun rises higher
00:14:29.83,00:14:33.82
and remains above the[br]horizon even at night
00:14:40.84,00:14:42.84
The female bear continues to hunt
00:14:42.84,00:14:46.83
until her cub is too tired[br]and can't keep up
00:14:52.85,00:14:56.84
She has smelt something
00:15:17.87,00:15:21.87
The pup escapes through a hole in[br]its lair that leads to the sea below
00:15:44.90,00:15:47.90
Only one in twenty hunts[br]is successful
00:15:47.90,00:15:51.90
But this mother must find a seal pup soon[br]if her cub is not to starve to death
00:16:09.93,00:16:13.92
As spring turns into summer, the sun's[br]heat begins to melt the sea ice
00:16:18.93,00:16:22.93
Now the ocean is accessible and[br]the Arctic's summer visitors return
00:16:24.94,00:16:27.94
Migrating birds arrive[br]from the south to nest
00:16:27.94,00:16:31.95
and feed on the seafood[br]that's now within their reach
00:16:31.95,00:16:35.95
Brunnich's guillemots are the[br]northern equivalent of penguins
00:16:35.95,00:16:38.95
But they have retained[br]the power of flight,
00:16:38.95,00:16:40.96
for they need to[br]reach cliff ledges
00:16:40.96,00:16:44.95
where their nests will be safe[br]from predatory bears and foxes
00:17:01.98,00:17:05.97
Nonetheless, they are as at home[br]in the water as in the air
00:17:07.98,00:17:11.98
They dive down to a depth of fifty[br]metres or more to catch fish
00:17:21.00,00:17:24.00
In June, the ice begins[br]to fracture
00:17:24.00,00:17:28.00
The cracks - or leads[br]- form useful corridors
00:17:28.00,00:17:32.00
of open water for[br]air-breathing animals
00:17:35.01,00:17:37.01
Belugas, migrating to[br]their feeding grounds,
00:17:37.01,00:17:40.02
use these leads to penetrate[br]the ice-covered seas
00:17:40.02,00:17:43.02
and reach areas where[br]their preferred food,
00:17:43.02,00:17:47.01
Arctic cod, has spent the winter
00:17:53.03,00:17:57.02
The males regularly dive to about[br]five hundred metres to find fish
00:17:58.03,00:18:02.03
The females and young, which have[br]smaller lungs, only go to about 350
00:18:16.05,00:18:20.04
In late June and July,[br]narwhals arrive
00:18:21.06,00:18:25.05
The females, who usually lack tusks,[br]come first with their new calves
00:18:26.06,00:18:30.05
The males follow a little later
00:18:42.08,00:18:46.07
They also move up the leads in[br]search of fresh feeding grounds
00:18:58.09,00:19:02.09
Bowheads. Up to 18 metres long[br]and weighing a hundred tonnes,
00:19:03.10,00:19:07.09
these are the only large whales[br]that stay in the Arctic all year round
00:19:24.12,00:19:28.11
They are not after fish[br]They are seeking smaller prey
00:19:30.13,00:19:33.13
Despite having the largest mouths[br]in the animal kingdom,
00:19:33.13,00:19:37.13
the size of a small garage,[br]they eat tiny crustaceans
00:19:37.13,00:19:41.13
- copepods - straining them from the[br]water with the four-metre long strips
00:19:42.14,00:19:46.13
of baleen that hang from[br]their upper jaws
00:19:55.15,00:19:57.15
In the summer they store[br]enough energy to last them
00:19:57.15,00:20:01.15
through the following winter,[br]when food will be less abundant
00:20:03.16,00:20:07.15
As the ice melts away, the polar[br]bears are forced to head for land
00:20:10.17,00:20:14.17
They are excellent swimmers[br]and can cover a hundred miles
00:20:14.17,00:20:18.16
of continuous open water[br]if need be
00:20:53.21,00:20:57.21
Off east Greenland,[br]there is little ice left by August,
00:20:57.21,00:21:01.22
so walruses haul out[br]to rest on land
00:21:01.22,00:21:03.22
At this time of the year[br]they are moulting,
00:21:03.22,00:21:07.21
getting rid of their old scarred[br]and parasite-ridden skin
00:21:17.23,00:21:21.23
A bathe in the cold water brings[br]some relief from the itching
00:21:40.26,00:21:44.25
But even there,[br]the odd scratch is irresistible
00:22:02.28,00:22:06.27
They make daily excursions[br]out to deeper water
00:22:16.29,00:22:19.29
Down at 20 metres, they root[br]around in the sediment,
00:22:19.29,00:22:23.29
using their sensitive bristles[br]to search out soft-shelled clams
00:22:44.32,00:22:47.32
Once they find a clam,[br]they suck its flesh from the shell
00:22:47.32,00:22:51.32
with their powerful,[br]muscular mouths
00:22:54.33,00:22:57.33
Walruses can feed for about[br]five minutes at this depth
00:22:57.33,00:23:01.33
before they have to return[br]to the surface to breathe
00:23:08.34,00:23:12.34
Elsewhere in the Arctic, belugas are[br]gathering in their thousands
00:23:13.35,00:23:17.34
They congregate in just[br]a few large estuaries
00:23:18.35,00:23:21.36
Belugas of all ages[br]and sizes come here
00:23:21.36,00:23:25.35
There are even young calves
00:23:36.37,00:23:40.36
Some are so young - born only a week or[br]so ago - that they need help
00:23:42.38,00:23:46.37
They swim on their mothers' backs so[br]that they can breathe more easily
00:23:57.39,00:24:00.40
As the tide moves up the estuary,[br]the belugas follow,
00:24:00.40,00:24:04.39
swimming into surprisingly[br]shallow water
00:24:11.41,00:24:15.40
Like walruses,[br]they also need to moult
00:24:23.42,00:24:26.42
A combination of warm fresh water[br]and vigorous rubbing
00:24:26.42,00:24:30.41
against the gravel does the trick
00:24:40.44,00:24:44.44
They remain here for days,[br]or even weeks,
00:24:44.44,00:24:48.43
so it's likely that socialising[br]is also important to them
00:24:53.45,00:24:57.44
After moulting, they head back[br]out to sea to feed
00:25:03.46,00:25:07.45
It's now autumn and the sea[br]begins to freeze over, once again
00:25:14.47,00:25:17.47
Thin sheets of ice form at[br]the surface and pile up,
00:25:17.47,00:25:21.47
layer upon layer, gradually[br]creating an impenetrable barrier
00:25:30.49,00:25:34.48
By late November, the Arctic Ocean[br]is sealed once again by ice
00:25:50.51,00:25:54.50
The lights of the aurora play[br]in the winter sky
00:26:04.52,00:26:08.52
At the other end of the planet[br]- in the Antarctic
00:26:08.52,00:26:12.52
- there is the southern aurora
00:26:24.54,00:26:28.53
Antarctica is now emerging[br]from winter
00:26:29.54,00:26:32.55
This is the coldest,[br]windiest place in the world
00:26:32.55,00:26:36.55
Temperatures are still hovering[br]at a numbing minus 50
00:26:36.55,00:26:40.56
and the returning sun has[br]virtually no warmth
00:26:40.56,00:26:44.55
Very few animals can survive[br]such extreme conditions
00:26:45.56,00:26:49.55
But emperor penguins can
00:26:54.57,00:26:58.56
Standing on the frozen sea, they endure[br]the full force of the Antarctic storms
00:27:08.58,00:27:12.58
Only by huddling together can they can[br]survive the appalling winter months
00:27:20.60,00:27:24.59
They take it in turns to bear[br]the brunt of the gales
00:27:26.60,00:27:30.61
They can only live here at all because[br]Antarctica is surrounded
00:27:30.61,00:27:34.60
by the Great Southern Ocean and no land[br]predators have been able to reach it,
00:27:35.61,00:27:39.60
so unlike Arctic animals,[br]they're not threatened by polar bears
00:27:43.62,00:27:45.62
The sea is still frozen
00:27:45.62,00:27:49.61
But one seal, nonetheless,[br]manages to stay here,
00:27:50.63,00:27:54.62
even throughout the winter...
00:27:55.63,00:27:59.62
... the Weddell seal
00:28:11.65,00:28:15.65
Underwater, it's protected[br]from the storms above
00:28:15.65,00:28:19.64
But it must have access to the air[br]all year - in order to breathe
00:28:31.67,00:28:35.66
And they keep their breathing holes open[br]- with their teeth
00:28:45.68,00:28:49.67
Only by continually scraping away at the[br]ice can they maintain access to the air
00:28:51.69,00:28:54.69
But that means that their teeth[br]get badly worn down
00:28:54.69,00:28:58.69
Then they can no longer hunt[br]and eat effectively
00:28:58.69,00:29:02.69
Weddell seals die young
00:29:10.71,00:29:13.71
The continent of Antarctica[br]is so isolated
00:29:13.71,00:29:16.71
and so high - almost five[br]thousand metres in places
00:29:16.71,00:29:20.70
- that it's considerably colder[br]than the Arctic
00:29:23.72,00:29:27.71
Ice slides slowly down from its centre[br]towards its rim in immense glaciers
00:29:31.73,00:29:35.72
During winter, the continent effectively[br]doubles in size as the sea freezes over
00:29:37.73,00:29:40.74
Ice forms around its shores[br]and extends outwards
00:29:40.74,00:29:44.73
for hundreds of miles around[br]the entire land mass
00:29:50.75,00:29:54.74
Under the sea-ice live small[br]shrimp-like creatures - krill
00:29:55.75,00:29:59.75
They have been here all winter
00:29:59.75,00:30:03.75
During these dark months, they feed by[br]scraping algae from the ice
00:30:07.76,00:30:09.76
Remarkably, they also[br]shrink in size
00:30:09.76,00:30:13.76
and revert to their juvenile[br]form to save energy
00:30:20.78,00:30:22.78
As the temperature[br]rises in spring,
00:30:22.78,00:30:26.77
the ice begins to melt and little air[br]bubbles trapped within it are released
00:30:28.78,00:30:32.78
Microscopic algae grow around these[br]bubbles and the krill now graze on them,
00:30:33.79,00:30:37.78
gathering them up with[br]their beating legs
00:30:52.81,00:30:56.80
As the sun's rays grow stronger[br]and penetrate deeper into the water,
00:30:57.81,00:31:01.82
floating algae begin to[br]flourish and krill leave
00:31:01.82,00:31:05.81
the dwindling ice and gather in swarms[br]as they harvest this new crop
00:31:17.83,00:31:20.84
Far to the north, beyond the[br]blanket of sea ice,
00:31:20.84,00:31:24.83
chinstrap penguins have been[br]overwintering in the open ocean
00:31:32.85,00:31:36.85
The occasional iceberg gives[br]them the chance of a rest
00:31:36.85,00:31:40.84
- if they can get onto it
00:32:07.88,00:32:11.88
But at this time of year, where they[br]really want to be is on land
00:32:12.89,00:32:16.88
It's just getting there[br]that's tricky
00:32:34.91,00:32:38.90
It's spring and the penguins[br]are returning to breed
00:32:44.92,00:32:48.91
Their need to get ashore is now[br]urgent and imperative
00:33:00.94,00:33:04.93
Doing so is all a matter of timing[br]- and picking the right wave
00:33:52.99,00:33:56.99
But their journey has[br]only just begun
00:33:56.99,00:34:00.98
Most of them will have to walk many miles[br]before they can find a nest site
00:34:16.01,00:34:20.00
This is Zavodovski Island, which has the[br]largest penguin colony in the world
00:34:23.02,00:34:25.02
About two million chinstraps[br]breed here
00:34:25.02,00:34:29.01
- and they come to this island[br]for a good reason
00:34:34.03,00:34:37.03
It's an active volcano
00:34:37.03,00:34:40.03
The heat from the crater[br]and the fumeroles
00:34:40.03,00:34:42.04
keeps the slopes free from[br]the ice and snow,
00:34:42.04,00:34:46.03
allowing these chinstraps to start[br]breeding earlier than those further south
00:34:51.05,00:34:55.04
But then again, living on an active[br]volcano is not without its risks
00:34:59.05,00:35:03.05
Unlike the emperors, these penguins are[br]able to lay their eggs on the bare ground
00:35:04.06,00:35:06.06
Little wonder so many[br]of them choose to brave
00:35:06.06,00:35:10.05
the mountainous waves[br]in order to get here
00:35:16.07,00:35:18.07
Further south, near the continent,
00:35:18.07,00:35:22.07
the blanket of sea ice[br]is beginning to break up
00:35:25.08,00:35:29.08
Icebergs are gigantic fragments[br]of ice that have broken away
00:35:29.08,00:35:32.09
into the sea from the[br]front of glaciers
00:35:32.09,00:35:35.09
During the winter they[br]were frozen into the sea ice,
00:35:35.09,00:35:39.08
but now they are set[br]adrift once more
00:36:16.13,00:36:20.12
As the bergs break up,[br]they form brash ice
00:36:21.14,00:36:25.13
It litters the backwaters[br]of the Antarctic Peninsula
00:36:44.16,00:36:48.16
Minke whales make their way into[br]these placid waters in summer
00:36:48.16,00:36:52.16
This is the most abundant whale[br]in the Southern Ocean
00:37:03.18,00:37:07.18
Minkes are one of the smallest[br]of all the baleen whales
00:37:07.18,00:37:11.17
And like all others,[br]they come here to feed
00:37:23.20,00:37:27.19
The majestic humpback whales[br]are also summer visitors
00:37:37.21,00:37:39.21
They have travelled thousands of miles[br]from their winter
00:37:39.21,00:37:42.22
breeding grounds in the[br]tropics to gather the food
00:37:42.22,00:37:46.21
that becomes available[br]here in summer
00:38:00.23,00:38:03.24
In just four months,[br]they accumulate enough fat
00:38:03.24,00:38:07.23
to provide them with energy for[br]the whole of the rest of the year
00:38:26.26,00:38:30.25
All these animals have come here[br]in search of one thing - the krill
00:38:32.27,00:38:36.26
Krill is the mainstay of[br]the Antarctic food web
00:38:44.28,00:38:47.28
It occurs in phenomenal quantity
00:38:47.28,00:38:49.28
- billions of individuals[br]in a single swarm,
00:38:49.28,00:38:53.28
and swarms can stretch for miles
00:38:57.29,00:39:01.28
Fur seals also collect this[br]rich superabundant food
00:39:02.30,00:39:06.29
Krill swarms are very patchy,[br]but once found, feeding is easy
00:39:34.33,00:39:38.32
Humpbacks engulf hundreds of thousands of[br]them in a single gargantuan mouthful
00:39:52.35,00:39:55.35
When the going is good,[br]the whales feed continuously,
00:39:55.35,00:39:59.34
each eating up to two tonnes[br]of krill in twenty-four hours
00:40:04.36,00:40:08.36
Further south, near the continent,[br]the sea ice is still sound
00:40:08.36,00:40:11.37
Here, where the ice remains[br]for most of the summer,
00:40:11.37,00:40:15.37
emperor penguins make their home
00:40:15.37,00:40:18.37
These have been feeding out[br]at sea and are now ready
00:40:18.37,00:40:22.37
to make their way back to the[br]colony to feed their chicks
00:40:25.38,00:40:27.38
Instead of heading straight[br]for the ice edge,
00:40:27.38,00:40:31.37
the penguins hesitate[br]some distance from it
00:40:32.39,00:40:36.38
They're nervous
00:40:45.40,00:40:49.39
They dive down and[br]investigate the ice edge
00:41:03.42,00:41:07.41
And for good reason[br]Leopard seals patrol this border
00:41:17.43,00:41:21.44
Leopard seals are the Antarctic's[br]equivalent of polar bears
00:41:21.44,00:41:23.44
They are the top predators
00:41:23.44,00:41:25.44
But they hunt most successfully[br]in the water,
00:41:25.44,00:41:29.43
so by and large, the animals they prey[br]on are safer out on the ice
00:41:38.45,00:41:42.45
They have a lazy grace that belies[br]their ferocious nature
00:41:57.47,00:42:01.46
Confident that the coast is clear,[br]the emperor penguins head for the ice
00:42:03.48,00:42:07.47
But they certainly don't linger
00:42:46.52,00:42:50.51
Now they have a long walk[br]back to the colony
00:42:55.53,00:42:59.52
Emperor penguin colonies are some[br]way back from the ice edge
00:43:00.53,00:43:03.54
In winter they may be as much as[br]a hundred miles from it,
00:43:03.54,00:43:06.54
but as the summer progresses[br]and the ice melts,
00:43:06.54,00:43:09.54
the edge comes ever[br]closer to the colony
00:43:09.54,00:43:13.55
So by the time the chicks are fledged[br]and ready to take their first swim,
00:43:13.55,00:43:17.54
the water is close by
00:43:24.56,00:43:26.56
This colony is in the lee[br]of a headland
00:43:26.56,00:43:30.55
and that prevents the ice from[br]being broken up by ocean currents
00:43:32.57,00:43:36.56
The returning adults are so full[br]of food that they can barely walk
00:43:37.57,00:43:41.56
But with no predator to threaten[br]them now, they can take their time
00:43:50.58,00:43:54.59
Somehow, in this melee of sixty[br]thousand or so penguins,
00:43:54.59,00:43:58.58
a parent has to find its chick
00:44:06.60,00:44:10.60
It returns to the place where it last[br]left its chick in the hope that
00:44:10.60,00:44:14.60
it might still be close by
00:44:15.61,00:44:19.60
But chicks tend to wander,[br]so the adult has to call to it
00:44:34.63,00:44:38.62
The chick responds - and they slowly[br]home in on one another
00:44:39.63,00:44:42.64
The plaintive entreaties[br]of the chick stimulates
00:44:42.64,00:44:46.63
the adult to regurgitate[br]a mouthful of fish
00:44:55.65,00:44:57.65
With the return of one parent,
00:44:57.65,00:45:01.64
the other is free to go[br]to sea to feed for itself
00:45:16.67,00:45:18.67
Aware of the leopard[br]seal's presence,
00:45:18.67,00:45:21.68
the penguins press[br]together at the ice edge,
00:45:21.68,00:45:25.67
unwilling to be the[br]first to risk diving in
00:45:40.69,00:45:44.69
Occasionally, the seal comes out[br]onto the ice and attempts to grab one
00:46:00.71,00:46:04.71
But its most successful strategy[br]by far is to lie in wait
00:46:12.73,00:46:16.72
It hides behind a corner of ice
00:46:18.73,00:46:22.73
The emperors gain confidence[br]and make a dash for it
00:46:33.75,00:46:37.74
The first wave of penguins escape
00:46:38.75,00:46:42.75
Once in open water,[br]they will be safe
00:46:46.76,00:46:50.76
But the seal is alerted by the noise,[br]and through the mass of bubbles,
00:46:50.76,00:46:54.76
it makes its attack
00:47:02.78,00:47:06.77
Almost invariably,[br]it makes a kill
00:47:13.79,00:47:15.79
Encouraged by the absence[br]of the seal,
00:47:15.79,00:47:19.78
the remaining penguins[br]make a break for the open sea
00:47:37.81,00:47:40.81
In time, their chicks will fledge
00:47:40.81,00:47:43.82
And when the Antarctic[br]autumn is near its end,
00:47:43.82,00:47:47.82
these adults will walk across[br]the newly formed ice,
00:47:47.82,00:47:51.81
to endure yet another winter[br]on the frozen sea |
B-Happy
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