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BBC - The Blue Planet (2 of 8) - The DeepClick here to download subtitles file for the movie "BBC - The Blue Planet (2 of 8) - The Deep"Click here to download the movie "BBC - The Blue Planet (2 of 8) - The Deep"More Links:[INFORMATION] [AUTHOR] [SOURCE] [PRG] [FILEPATH] [DELAY] [CD TRACK] [COMMENT] [END INFORMATION] [SUBTITLE] [COLF]&HFFFFFF,[STYLE]no,[SIZE]18,[FONT]Arial 00:00:35.00,00:00:37.00 Over sixty per cent of our planet 00:00:37.00,00:00:40.01 is covered by ocean more than a mile deep. 00:00:40.01,00:00:44.01 That, the deep sea is by far[br]the largest habitat on earth 00:00:44.01,00:00:48.00 and it's largely unknown. 00:00:52.02,00:00:56.02 Join us on a journey[br]to the very bottom of the deep sea, 00:00:56.02,00:01:00.02 to an alien world never revealed before. 00:01:01.03,00:01:05.02 It's home to some of the[br]strangest animals on earth. 00:01:07.03,00:01:11.03 Fish flash in the darkness ... 00:01:13.04,00:01:17.03 ... new species are discovered[br]on almost every dive. 00:01:19.05,00:01:23.04 More people have travelled into space[br]than have ventured this deep. 00:01:33.06,00:01:37.05 Come on a journey into the abyss. 00:01:47.07,00:01:51.07 A sperm whale takes a breath,[br]its last for over an hour. 00:01:52.08,00:01:54.08 It is about to leave the warm, 00:01:54.08,00:01:58.08 well-lit surface waters and[br]dive far down into the cold, 00:01:58.08,00:02:01.09 dark depths of the deep ocean. 00:02:01.09,00:02:05.08 At the surface it took in air[br]at the same pressure as we breath it. 00:02:11.10,00:02:13.10 But it's going to look for food 00:02:13.10,00:02:15.10 at more than a thousand metres down, 00:02:15.10,00:02:17.10 where pressure is a hundred times 00:02:17.10,00:02:20.11 that on the surface,[br]crushing the whale's lungs 00:02:20.11,00:02:24.10 to just one per cent of their volume. 00:02:25.11,00:02:26.11 For us to follow the whale, 00:02:26.11,00:02:30.11 we need the very latest submersible. 00:02:33.12,00:02:35.12 A reinforced acrylic sphere, 00:02:35.12,00:02:37.12 with walls 12 centimetres thick, 00:02:37.12,00:02:39.13 protects a pilot and our cameraman 00:02:39.13,00:02:40.13 from the enormous pressure below 00:02:40.13,00:02:43.13 and allows the submarine to dive to 00:02:43.13,00:02:47.13 just over nine hundred metres. 00:02:47.13,00:02:51.13 With every passing metre,[br]pressure increases and sunlight diminishes 00:02:53.14,00:02:56.14 "One thousand feet ... 00:02:56.14,00:02:59.15 By three hundred metres[br]it's already very dark 00:02:59.15,00:03:03.14 and the temperature of the water[br]is dropping fast. 00:03:07.15,00:03:10.16 We are entering the twilight zone ... 00:03:10.16,00:03:13.16 a weird world of gloom, where many animals 00:03:13.16,00:03:17.15 have become completely transparent. 00:03:21.17,00:03:24.17 In this twilight,[br]an animal needs to see and 00:03:24.17,00:03:28.16 yet as far as possible[br]must avoid being seen. 00:03:33.18,00:03:36.18 A giant amphipod, 12 centimetres long 00:03:36.18,00:03:38.18 and almost perfectly transparent. 00:03:38.18,00:03:42.19 Its head is completely filled[br]by two huge eyes, 00:03:42.19,00:03:46.18 with which it strains to detect its prey. 00:03:49.20,00:03:52.20 Another twilight monster, Phronima, 00:03:52.20,00:03:56.20 the inspiration for the 'Alien' movies. 00:03:56.20,00:03:59.21 She and her developing pink offspring live 00:03:59.21,00:04:03.20 like parasites in the stolen body[br]of a jelly. 00:04:06.21,00:04:09.22 This impressive cutlery set[br]and its huge eyes 00:04:09.22,00:04:13.21 make Phronima a powerful predator. 00:04:18.22,00:04:22.22 Even really complex animals have[br]become transparent in the twilight zone. 00:04:24.23,00:04:27.23 Squids are among the most[br]advanced of invertebrates, 00:04:27.23,00:04:31.24 but this one never meets a hard surface[br]in its entire life, 00:04:31.24,00:04:35.23 so its body need not be as robust[br]as that of its shallow water cousins. 00:04:40.25,00:04:44.24 There's a rich variety of jellies that[br]live nowhere else but in the deep sea. 00:04:52.26,00:04:56.25 Thousands of tiny cilia propel them[br]through a world without walls. 00:05:05.27,00:05:06.27 Invisible in the gloom, 00:05:06.27,00:05:10.27 they grope blindly for their prey. 00:05:15.28,00:05:19.27 Comb jellies let out long sticky nets[br]to catch passing copepods. 00:05:25.29,00:05:29.28 But the most extensive death trap[br]is set by siphonophores. 00:05:30.30,00:05:33.30 This pulsating bell is the head of[br]a colonial jelly, 00:05:33.30,00:05:37.29 that can be forty metres long. 00:05:38.30,00:05:42.30 Millions of tiny stinging cells,[br]drifting through the sea. 00:05:53.32,00:05:54.32 Five hundred metres down 00:05:54.32,00:05:57.32 and in even the clearest[br]tropical waters only 00:05:57.32,00:06:00.33 the faintest vestige[br]of the sunlight remains, 00:06:00.33,00:06:04.32 so little that our eyes[br]can't detect it ... but others can. 00:06:10.34,00:06:12.34 Survival in the twilight zone 00:06:12.34,00:06:16.33 is all about seeing, yet not being seen. 00:06:19.35,00:06:23.34 Hatchet fish are masters[br]of the game of hide and seek. 00:06:24.35,00:06:25.35 They have the large, sensitive eyes 00:06:25.35,00:06:29.34 needed for seeking prey,[br]but their bodies are flat. 00:06:32.36,00:06:36.35 And their sides are highly silvered. 00:06:39.37,00:06:41.37 Head on, they are just visible, 00:06:41.37,00:06:45.37 thin though they are,[br]but as soon as they turn ... 00:06:45.37,00:06:48.37 ... their mirrored sides[br]reflect the remnants 00:06:48.37,00:06:52.38 of blue light from the surface[br]and they disappear into the gloom. 00:06:52.38,00:06:56.38 Viewed from the side,[br]whole shoals can hide in this way. 00:06:56.38,00:07:00.38 But what about from below? 00:07:04.39,00:07:06.39 The tubular eyes of many of the predators 00:07:06.39,00:07:09.40 even in this gloom are able[br]to distinguish their prey, 00:07:09.40,00:07:13.39 silhouetted against the scarcely[br]detectable glimmer of light from above. 00:07:17.40,00:07:20.41 Hatchet fish, however,[br]have a way of confusing any eyes 00:07:20.41,00:07:23.41 that might be searching for them[br]from below. 00:07:23.41,00:07:27.40 Their bellies carry rows of[br]light-producing cells called photophores. 00:07:29.42,00:07:31.42 They can use these to exactly match 00:07:31.42,00:07:35.41 the changing colour of light[br]from the surface far above. 00:07:45.43,00:07:48.43 This counter shading breaks up[br]their silhouette, 00:07:48.43,00:07:52.44 making them almost invisible from below... 00:07:52.44,00:07:56.43 ... almost. 00:08:00.45,00:08:04.44 But these are no ordinary eyes. 00:08:05.45,00:08:08.45 The enormous yellow lenses enable 00:08:08.45,00:08:10.46 their owner to distinguish between light 00:08:10.46,00:08:14.45 produced by photophores and sunlight. 00:08:15.46,00:08:18.46 So, one device for escape is countered by 00:08:18.46,00:08:21.47 another equally subtle one for attack in 00:08:21.47,00:08:24.47 an evolutionary arms race[br]that has been waged 00:08:24.47,00:08:28.46 for millions of years. 00:08:30.48,00:08:33.48 Descend below a thousand metres and 00:08:33.48,00:08:35.48 you enter the dark zone. 00:08:35.48,00:08:38.48 No sunlight whatsoever penetrates[br]this deep. 00:08:38.48,00:08:41.49 The temperature of the water has dropped 00:08:41.49,00:08:43.49 below four degrees Centigrade. 00:08:43.49,00:08:45.49 The pressure is more than 00:08:45.49,00:08:49.50 a hundred times that at the surface. 00:08:49.50,00:08:52.50 Life becomes every more sparse. 00:08:52.50,00:08:56.49 It's a dark, dangerous world. 00:09:00.51,00:09:04.50 Relative to body size,[br]these are the largest teeth in the ocean, 00:09:05.51,00:09:09.50 they are so big that their owner[br]can't even close its mouth. 00:09:14.52,00:09:18.51 They belong to the Fang Tooth. 00:09:20.53,00:09:24.52 Unlike most deep sea fish this has powerful[br]muscles and is an aggressive hunter. 00:09:35.54,00:09:38.54 With food in such short supply[br]at this depth, 00:09:38.54,00:09:42.54 dark zone predators have to be able to[br]deal with a meal of almost any size. 00:09:47.55,00:09:51.55 Many animals here are dark red,[br]like this deep sea jelly. 00:10:02.57,00:10:04.57 Caught in the lights of the submersible, 00:10:04.57,00:10:08.56 it's a spectacular firework[br]display of colour. 00:10:13.58,00:10:17.58 Normally,[br]no red light penetrates as deep as this, 00:10:17.58,00:10:18.58 so animals with red pigment 00:10:18.58,00:10:22.58 appear completely black down here,[br]perfectly concealed. 00:10:27.59,00:10:31.59 Predators here, however, don't just[br]rely on vision many have tiny eyes. 00:10:32.60,00:10:34.60 Instead, their thin rod-like bodies 00:10:34.60,00:10:38.59 are lined with organs sensitive to tiny[br]movements in the water. 00:10:49.62,00:10:53.61 This monster, half a metre across,[br]is a Hairy Angler. 00:10:54.62,00:10:58.61 This is the first time it's been seen. 00:10:59.63,00:11:02.63 It's covered[br]with hundreds of sensitive antennae, 00:11:02.63,00:11:04.63 each capable of detecting the movements 00:11:04.63,00:11:08.62 of any prey careless enough to stray too[br]close to this motionless predator. 00:11:20.65,00:11:23.65 But this, surely, must be the strangest 00:11:23.65,00:11:27.64 of all the deep sea fish yet discovered. 00:11:28.65,00:11:31.66 A highly sensitive metre[br]long tail hangs down 00:11:31.66,00:11:35.66 from the head that makes up[br]a quarter of its body. 00:11:35.66,00:11:39.65 Its eyes are tiny,[br]but its mouth is truly enormous. 00:11:42.67,00:11:46.66 It's called the Gulper eel, because[br]it can engulf a meal of almost any size. 00:11:53.68,00:11:57.67 Hanging motionless in midwater,[br]its enormous gape enables it 00:11:58.68,00:12:02.68 to deal with passing prey,[br]whether it's small or large. 00:12:07.69,00:12:10.70 Gulper eels can swallow prey[br]as big as themselves, 00:12:10.70,00:12:12.70 which is very useful in a world 00:12:12.70,00:12:16.69 where you never know[br]when the next meal is coming along. 00:12:22.71,00:12:26.71 Even in the dark zone,[br]there is some light. 00:12:26.71,00:12:30.71 Turn off the submersible headlights[br]and you see a pyrotechnic display outside. 00:12:34.72,00:12:37.72 These lights are created by animals. 00:12:37.72,00:12:41.72 This is bioluminescence. 00:12:42.73,00:12:46.72 A deep sea angler fish flashes[br]in the darkness. 00:12:49.74,00:12:51.74 The light is generated by bacteria 00:12:51.74,00:12:54.74 that live permanently inside the lure, 00:12:54.74,00:12:58.73 which attracts prey[br]to these murderous teeth. 00:13:00.75,00:13:04.74 There are all sorts of lures out[br]in the darkness. 00:13:12.76,00:13:16.75 Come into my mouth, little fish! 00:13:20.77,00:13:22.77 And what is the purpose of this lure, 00:13:22.77,00:13:26.76 suspended on a long rod, way below[br]its owner's terrifying set of teeth? 00:13:31.78,00:13:33.78 It's difficult to be sure, 00:13:33.78,00:13:36.78 but then this monster does[br]have another giant... 00:13:36.78,00:13:40.78 flashing lure much closer to its mouth. 00:13:47.79,00:13:51.80 These fish are called anglers because they[br]use their lures in much the same way as 00:13:51.80,00:13:55.79 fly fishermen use their imitation flies. 00:14:00.81,00:14:03.81 For a hunting squid, with huge eyes, 00:14:03.81,00:14:07.80 this glimmer is intriguing. 00:14:10.82,00:14:14.81 It might just be food. 00:14:20.83,00:14:24.82 A satisfying meal for a fish[br]with a highly extendible stomach. 00:14:34.84,00:14:38.83 Attracting a mate in this endless darkness[br]can be even harder than finding food. 00:14:45.85,00:14:48.85 Flashing lures may be helpful[br]in doing this, 00:14:48.85,00:14:52.85 certainly only female anglers have them. 00:14:56.86,00:14:59.87 The tiny males are just a tenth[br]the size of the females. 00:14:59.87,00:15:03.86 Their only purpose is somehow[br]to find a mate in the darkness. 00:15:04.87,00:15:07.87 She releases chemicals into the water, 00:15:07.87,00:15:11.87 which the males scent with a special[br]white organ in front of their eyes. 00:15:15.88,00:15:17.88 Having found a partner, 00:15:17.88,00:15:21.88 the male bites at her belly[br]with specially designed teeth. 00:15:26.89,00:15:30.89 He needs to get permanently attached. 00:15:33.90,00:15:37.90 Within a matter of weeks[br]the male is completely fused to the female 00:15:37.90,00:15:40.91 and there he will stay[br]for the rest of his life. 00:15:40.91,00:15:42.91 Her blood circulating in his body 00:15:42.91,00:15:46.91 provides him[br]with all the sustenance he needs. 00:15:46.91,00:15:48.91 In return, she gets a continuous, 00:15:48.91,00:15:51.92 reliable supply of sperm[br]- a brilliant solution 00:15:51.92,00:15:55.91 to the problem of finding a mate[br]in the vast emptiness of the deep sea. 00:16:06.93,00:16:10.94 To help in the constant battle between[br]predators and prey, 00:16:10.94,00:16:14.93 some fish in the dark zone have[br]developed headlights. 00:16:21.95,00:16:23.95 These light-producing photophores beneath 00:16:23.95,00:16:27.94 their eyes may be used to[br]search out prey in the darkness. 00:16:30.96,00:16:34.95 Most bioluminescence in the deep sea[br]is blue or greenish-blue, 00:16:35.96,00:16:39.95 but a very few predatory fish[br]produce red light. 00:16:44.97,00:16:48.96 With this,[br]red prey becomes obvious in the darkness. 00:16:50.98,00:16:52.98 Red light is rare down here 00:16:52.98,00:16:55.98 and most animal eyes can't see it. 00:16:55.98,00:16:58.98 Only these fish can do so. 00:16:58.98,00:17:02.98 This gives them a sniper scope,[br]a headlight invisible to their targets. 00:17:10.00,00:17:13.99 This copepod, un-alarmed,[br]takes no avoiding action. 00:17:22.01,00:17:26.00 Bioluminescence is useful[br]in escape as well as attack. 00:17:32.02,00:17:36.01 A shrimp senses a threat. 00:17:39.02,00:17:43.02 It spins in the water,[br]releasing a bioluminescent glue. 00:17:47.03,00:17:49.03 This acts like a burglar alarm, 00:17:49.03,00:17:51.04 startling the attacking fish[br]and leaving it 00:17:51.04,00:17:52.04 illuminated in the dark and 00:17:52.04,00:17:56.03 vulnerable to its own predators. 00:17:59.04,00:18:03.04 These twinkling lights in the darkness[br]are produced by copepods. 00:18:06.05,00:18:09.05 They probably flash like this[br]to communicate with one another 00:18:09.05,00:18:13.05 and confuse their predators. 00:18:16.06,00:18:18.06 The most sensitive eyes in the ocean 00:18:18.06,00:18:22.06 belong to an ostracod[br]called Gigantocypris. 00:18:23.07,00:18:27.06 It's the size of a pea,[br]but that's enormous for an ostracod. 00:18:29.07,00:18:31.08 Copepods are a favourite prey 00:18:31.08,00:18:35.07 and it actively searches for[br]their flashes in the darkness. 00:18:39.08,00:18:43.08 But this copepod has a way of[br]confusing a hunting Gigantocypris. 00:18:48.09,00:18:52.09 It discharges a packet[br]of bioluminescent liquid. 00:18:54.10,00:18:58.09 The flash is delayed, like a depth charge. 00:19:01.11,00:19:03.11 Spinning, confused, in the water, 00:19:03.11,00:19:07.10 Gigantocypris chases after the flashes. 00:19:15.12,00:19:19.11 And the copepod slips away[br]unseen into the darkness. 00:19:28.13,00:19:31.14 The ultimate bioluminescent[br]defence mechanism 00:19:31.14,00:19:33.14 has to be the light show created 00:19:33.14,00:19:37.13 by the deep sea jellyfish, Periphylla. 00:19:47.15,00:19:51.15 That, presumably,[br]is the way it scares away its enemies. 00:20:06.17,00:20:10.18 These bright lights[br]are all produced by firefly squid. 00:20:10.18,00:20:14.18 Normally, they live way down[br]at around three hundred metres, 00:20:14.18,00:20:18.18 beyond the reach of these[br]Japanese fishermen's nets. 00:20:18.18,00:20:22.18 But for a few months each Spring[br]they come to the surface every night. 00:20:26.19,00:20:28.19 The brightest lights come from 00:20:28.19,00:20:31.20 the bioluminescent tips of[br]their two front tentacles. 00:20:31.20,00:20:33.20 But it's only in the dark of the deep sea 00:20:33.20,00:20:37.19 that you can really appreciate[br]the full complexity of their displays. 00:20:38.20,00:20:40.21 It's not just their tentacles, 00:20:40.21,00:20:44.20 but their whole bodies that are[br]covered in photophores. 00:20:48.21,00:20:50.22 The exact function is not clear. 00:20:50.22,00:20:54.21 The bright tentacle tips may be for[br]attracting mates or dazzling predators. 00:20:55.22,00:20:57.22 The rest may be camouflage 00:20:57.22,00:21:01.22 providing counter shading for the squid[br]as they journey up into the twilight zone. 00:21:06.23,00:21:07.23 Every night in the season 00:21:07.23,00:21:11.23 hundreds of thousands of squid journey up[br]into the shallow water to spawn. 00:21:18.24,00:21:20.25 Before dawn,[br]they will return to the depths 00:21:20.25,00:21:24.24 leaving their eggs to develop[br]in the shallows. 00:21:34.26,00:21:37.26 The daily cycle of the sun has a profound 00:21:37.26,00:21:40.27 influence on life in the deep ocean. 00:21:40.27,00:21:43.27 As the sun sets, it triggers the largest 00:21:43.27,00:21:47.27 migration of living organisms[br]on our planet. 00:21:47.27,00:21:50.28 One thousand million tonnes of animals 00:21:50.28,00:21:52.28 travel up from the dark zone into richer, 00:21:52.28,00:21:56.27 shallower water, every night. 00:21:58.28,00:22:00.29 Tiny grazers are first up 00:22:00.29,00:22:04.28 searching for the microscopic plants that[br]only grow in shallow sunlit waters. 00:22:07.29,00:22:11.29 Predators follow the grazers. 00:22:13.30,00:22:16.30 An enormous variety of[br]different animals join the convoy 00:22:16.30,00:22:20.29 or feed off it as it passes. 00:22:25.31,00:22:27.31 Many will travel up hundreds of metres 00:22:27.31,00:22:29.31 towards the surface and then at dawn 00:22:29.31,00:22:32.32 finding themselves at[br]greater risk from predators 00:22:32.32,00:22:36.31 the visitors return to the safer[br]darkness of the depths. 00:22:44.33,00:22:47.33 The sun's rays only have a direct effect[br]in the top hundred metres, 00:22:47.33,00:22:49.33 or so, of the ocean. 00:22:49.33,00:22:53.33 It's only here that photosynthesis can[br]take place and coral reefs can flourish. 00:22:55.34,00:22:58.34 Leave this thin, rich slice of life and 00:22:58.34,00:23:00.35 travel over the outer face of the reef and 00:23:00.35,00:23:04.34 you quickly enter a far[br]more demanding world. 00:23:13.36,00:23:17.35 Below a hundred and fifty metres[br]photosynthesis becomes impossible. 00:23:19.36,00:23:23.36 You find no plants, just animals. 00:23:25.37,00:23:29.37 Here, the animals are adapted to[br]catch marine snow, 00:23:29.37,00:23:33.38 particles of dead animals and[br]plants that drift down from above. 00:23:33.38,00:23:35.38 So they depend, second-hand, 00:23:35.38,00:23:37.38 on the energy captured from the sun 00:23:37.38,00:23:41.38 by organisms living in the surface waters. 00:23:50.40,00:23:51.40 Travelling close to the sea floor 00:23:51.40,00:23:55.39 we're going to take a journey to[br]the very bottom of the deep sea... 00:23:58.40,00:24:02.40 ... to a world completely separate[br]from the midwater above. 00:24:11.42,00:24:12.42 At around three hundred metres, 00:24:12.42,00:24:15.42 the drop off levels out and 00:24:15.42,00:24:19.41 we move out onto the Continental slope. 00:24:20.43,00:24:22.43 This stretches for about a hundred and 00:24:22.43,00:24:25.43 fifty miles from the coast,[br]sloping in the gentle gradient 00:24:25.43,00:24:29.42 down to a maximum depth[br]of four thousand metres. 00:24:31.44,00:24:35.43 Water temperatures down here drop[br]below 4 degrees centigrade and 00:24:36.44,00:24:40.43 the pressure can reach up to 400 times[br]that of the surface. 00:24:48.45,00:24:52.46 Without the lights of the submersible[br]it would be completely dark. 00:24:52.46,00:24:54.46 The water is crystal clear because 00:24:54.46,00:24:57.46 there's so little organic matter. 00:24:57.46,00:24:59.46 Only three per cent[br]of the potential food in the 00:24:59.46,00:25:03.46 surface waters reaches[br]the Continental slope. 00:25:07.47,00:25:10.48 At first sight it[br]appears a lifeless desert 00:25:10.48,00:25:14.47 but take a closer look and you notice[br]a network of tracks and trails. 00:25:16.48,00:25:20.47 There is life even down here. 00:25:22.49,00:25:25.49 These animals would die[br]immediately if brought 00:25:25.49,00:25:28.49 to the surface in nets,[br]so you can only see them 00:25:28.49,00:25:31.50 behaving normally from submersibles. 00:25:31.50,00:25:35.49 Many are new to science. 00:25:37.50,00:25:41.51 The deep sea floor is dominated[br]by echinoderms 00:25:41.51,00:25:45.50 sea cucumbers,[br]brittle stars and sea urchins. 00:25:46.51,00:25:48.51 There are literally millions of them 00:25:48.51,00:25:51.52 marching across the seabed,[br]hoovering up any 00:25:51.52,00:25:55.52 edible particles there[br]might be in the sediment. 00:25:55.52,00:25:57.52 They come in all sorts of shapes and sizes 00:25:57.52,00:26:00.53 and though they are very thinly spread 00:26:00.53,00:26:02.53 the deep ocean floor is so vast that 00:26:02.53,00:26:06.52 these are among the most numerous[br]animals on the planet. 00:26:07.53,00:26:09.53 Their spikes are good for locomotion[br]and defence 00:26:09.53,00:26:13.53 but perhaps not quite so good[br]when it comes to mating. 00:26:17.54,00:26:21.55 Finding a mate in this largely[br]empty sea floor could be a problem 00:26:21.55,00:26:24.55 so some urchins stay together in herds 00:26:24.55,00:26:28.54 to be sure that they're never too[br]far from a potential partner. 00:26:31.56,00:26:35.56 Rocky outcrops provide good anchorage[br]for animals that rely on food 00:26:35.56,00:26:37.56 that might drift past. 00:26:37.56,00:26:40.57 These crinoids, or sea lilies 00:26:40.57,00:26:44.56 Iook like plants, but are in fact animals. 00:26:46.57,00:26:48.57 Their long stalks ensure[br]that their umbrella 00:26:48.57,00:26:50.58 of feeding tentacles are positioned 00:26:50.58,00:26:53.58 to best effect in the current. 00:26:53.58,00:26:55.58 Particles are swept onto the arms 00:26:55.58,00:26:59.57 and carried down to a mouth[br]in the middle of the umbrella. 00:27:01.59,00:27:05.59 These sudden movements swat[br]away tiny amphipods 00:27:05.59,00:27:09.58 that try to steal the sea lily's captures. 00:27:17.60,00:27:20.61 Coral reefs are not supposed to exist[br]in total darkness 00:27:20.61,00:27:24.60 but recently a new kind of coral[br]was found as deep as two thousand metres. 00:27:27.61,00:27:29.61 In the cold waters of a Norwegian Fjord 00:27:29.61,00:27:32.62 there was a deep sea[br]reef thirty metres high 00:27:32.62,00:27:36.62 and two hundred metres long. 00:27:36.62,00:27:38.62 This coral gets no energy from the sun 00:27:38.62,00:27:42.63 so it has to be very efficient[br]in catching food. 00:27:42.63,00:27:46.62 Its polyps are far larger than[br]those of shallow water corals. 00:27:52.64,00:27:56.63 These are, in fact,[br]the largest coral polyps in the ocean. 00:27:58.64,00:28:02.64 They belong to the deep sea mushroom coral 00:28:03.65,00:28:05.65 Their three centimetre long tentacles 00:28:05.65,00:28:09.64 can catch far larger prey than[br]other corals can. 00:28:12.66,00:28:15.66 This necessity to capture[br]every particle of food 00:28:15.66,00:28:17.66 that comes within reach[br]in this near desert 00:28:17.66,00:28:21.66 has radically changed many animals. 00:28:22.67,00:28:24.67 Most Tunicates are filter feeders 00:28:24.67,00:28:27.67 but this one, uniquely,[br]has become a predator 00:28:27.67,00:28:31.67 and it's greatly enlarged siphon[br]has been converted into a trap. 00:28:43.69,00:28:46.69 Most sea cucumbers stay firmly[br]on the bottom 00:28:46.69,00:28:50.68 but not this extraordinary[br]deep sea species. 00:28:55.70,00:28:57.70 Its skirts of skin allow it to swim 00:28:57.70,00:29:01.70 hundreds of metres above the sea floor. 00:29:15.72,00:29:17.72 Eventually it will descend and 00:29:17.72,00:29:21.72 with luck,[br]will land on fresh feeding grounds. 00:29:29.73,00:29:31.74 This, though, has to be the most 00:29:31.74,00:29:33.74 extraordinary animal design of all. 00:29:33.74,00:29:35.74 It's a polychaete worm and normally 00:29:35.74,00:29:39.73 you would expect the long pulsating body[br]to be stuck firmly in the sediment. 00:29:43.75,00:29:45.75 This worm, alone in its group 00:29:45.75,00:29:49.74 swims in the open water. 00:29:53.76,00:29:55.76 Propelling itself with its yellow frill 00:29:55.76,00:29:59.76 it moves about[br]and so finds new sources of food 00:29:59.76,00:30:03.76 or maybe succeeds in escaping[br]from a predator. 00:30:07.77,00:30:10.78 This is Chimaera, a close[br]relative of the sharks 00:30:10.78,00:30:14.78 less than a metre long. 00:30:14.78,00:30:16.78 Sensory pits on its chin help it hunt 00:30:16.78,00:30:18.78 prey on the bottom, while its surprisingly 00:30:18.78,00:30:22.78 large eyes may help it[br]spot bioluminescence. 00:30:30.80,00:30:33.80 Large fish are rare down here 00:30:33.80,00:30:35.80 there's simply not enough[br]live prey to sustain them. 00:30:35.80,00:30:38.80 Most have become scavengers. 00:30:38.80,00:30:42.80 A dead tuna has attracted[br]a deep sea conger eel... 00:30:44.81,00:30:46.81 ... and a six gilled shark. 00:30:46.81,00:30:50.80 These monsters grow to eight metres long. 00:31:04.83,00:31:07.83 Six gills are living fossils. 00:31:07.83,00:31:09.83 For a hundred and fifty million years 00:31:09.83,00:31:10.84 they have existed unchanged 00:31:10.84,00:31:14.83 living in water as deep as two thousand[br]five hundred metres. 00:31:18.84,00:31:20.85 Very few people have ever[br]been lucky enough 00:31:20.85,00:31:22.85 to glimpse these sharks from submersibles 00:31:22.85,00:31:26.84 and we know almost nothing[br]about their behaviour. 00:31:33.86,00:31:36.86 The body of a tuna is a substantial meal 00:31:36.86,00:31:39.86 but just occasionally a really gigantic 00:31:39.86,00:31:43.86 corpse drifts down to the deep sea floor. 00:31:47.87,00:31:51.88 This is the freshly dead carcass of[br]a thirty ton Grey whale. 00:31:51.88,00:31:55.87 It's resting on the sea floor a mile down. 00:31:56.88,00:31:58.88 It's only been on the bottom for six weeks 00:31:58.88,00:32:02.88 but already it has[br]attracted hundreds of hagfish. 00:32:04.89,00:32:08.88 These ancient scavengers are nearly[br]always the first to discover a fallen body 00:32:09.89,00:32:13.89 and are attracted from miles around. 00:32:16.90,00:32:18.90 They lack jaws and rasp at the flesh 00:32:18.90,00:32:21.91 with two rows of horny teeth[br]on either side of 00:32:21.91,00:32:25.90 their sucker-like mouths. 00:32:28.91,00:32:31.92 Next to arrive, a sleeper shark 00:32:31.92,00:32:34.92 a real deep sea specialist. 00:32:34.92,00:32:36.92 They grow to over seven metres long 00:32:36.92,00:32:40.91 and have never been filmed[br]at such a depth before. 00:32:44.93,00:32:48.92 The gaping wounds in the[br]whale's flank are its work. 00:32:55.94,00:32:58.94 Unlike the hagfish, it has powerful jaws 00:32:58.94,00:33:02.94 so is able to rip off huge chunks of meat. 00:33:08.95,00:33:11.96 Sharks, hagfish and a whole succession of 00:33:11.96,00:33:13.96 different deep sea scavengers will feast 00:33:13.96,00:33:17.95 on the carcass for years before[br]all its nutriment is gone. 00:33:20.97,00:33:21.97 Eighteen months later 00:33:21.97,00:33:23.97 when we returned to this whale 00:33:23.97,00:33:27.96 all that was left was a perfect skeleton,[br]stripped bare. 00:33:35.98,00:33:38.98 It was almost as if a museum specimen 00:33:38.98,00:33:42.98 had been carefully laid out[br]on the sea floor. 00:33:45.99,00:33:48.99 At first the skeleton seemed[br]totally abandoned 00:33:48.99,00:33:52.99 but even after so long there was[br]still some flesh left in the head. 00:34:00.00,00:34:02.01 Hagfish have a skeleton of cartilage 00:34:02.01,00:34:04.01 and are so flexible that they can tie 00:34:04.01,00:34:08.00 themselves into knots and so get a better[br]purchase on the flesh they feed on. 00:34:15.02,00:34:18.02 But smaller organisms had fed here. 00:34:18.02,00:34:21.03 A thick band of white bacteria had formed 00:34:21.03,00:34:25.03 on the mud outlining the original[br]shape of the whale. 00:34:25.03,00:34:28.03 And on the skeleton itself 00:34:28.03,00:34:29.03 colonies of specialised bacteria 00:34:29.03,00:34:33.03 were extracting energy[br]from the bones themselves. 00:34:37.04,00:34:39.04 Most remarkably and in huge abundance 00:34:39.04,00:34:43.05 polychaete worms were collecting[br]the last edible fragments. 00:34:43.05,00:34:46.05 These are a new species that so far have 00:34:46.05,00:34:50.04 only been found on the fallen bodies[br]of whales. 00:34:51.06,00:34:55.05 Scientists have discovered 178 different[br]animals on a single whale vertebra 00:34:57.06,00:35:00.06 most of which have been found nowhere else 00:35:00.06,00:35:03.07 This whale, lying over a mile down 00:35:03.07,00:35:07.07 was not filmed from a submersible[br]with an acrylic sphere. 00:35:07.07,00:35:11.08 Such craft can't go as deep as this. 00:35:11.08,00:35:13.08 To withstand the pressure here 00:35:13.08,00:35:16.08 you need a far stronger submersible. 00:35:16.08,00:35:19.08 This is Alvin, a two metre wide sphere 00:35:19.08,00:35:23.09 with just enough room in it for[br]a pilot and two observers. 00:35:23.09,00:35:27.09 Its walls are made of titanium,[br]the viewing ports have to be tiny. 00:35:27.09,00:35:30.09 Any larger,[br]and the submersible would implode... 00:35:30.09,00:35:34.09 under the enormous pressure down here. 00:35:35.10,00:35:39.09 Alvin can dive to 4500 metres,[br]three miles below the surface. 00:35:45.11,00:35:49.11 Around 3000 metres the Continental slope[br]finally flattens out... 00:35:49.11,00:35:52.12 and joins the abyssal plain. 00:35:52.12,00:35:55.12 This covers over half the earth's surface. 00:35:55.12,00:35:57.12 Mostly it's completely flat 00:35:57.12,00:36:00.12 but in places it's gashed[br]by massive trenches 00:36:00.12,00:36:04.12 hundreds of miles wide. 00:36:09.13,00:36:12.14 The deepest of these is the Mariana trench 00:36:12.14,00:36:16.13 which drops to over seven miles[br]below sea level. 00:36:23.15,00:36:25.15 There are just five manned submersibles 00:36:25.15,00:36:28.15 world-wide that can reach[br]the abyssal plain 00:36:28.15,00:36:30.15 and between them, so far, 00:36:30.15,00:36:34.15 they have explored less[br]than one per cent of it. 00:36:35.16,00:36:38.16 There are a thousand times[br]fewer large animals 00:36:38.16,00:36:40.16 down here than on the Continental slope. 00:36:40.16,00:36:43.17 But in places hundreds of brittle stars 00:36:43.17,00:36:47.16 march over the sea bed in search of food. 00:36:49.17,00:36:50.17 Fish have been found right down 00:36:50.17,00:36:53.18 to the bottom of the deepest trenches. 00:36:53.18,00:36:57.17 Most come from one family:[br]the aptly named rattails. 00:37:01.19,00:37:02.19 They forage near the sea floor 00:37:02.19,00:37:05.19 and use their battery of sensory pits 00:37:05.19,00:37:09.19 to follow odour trails[br]from rotting carcasses. 00:37:09.19,00:37:11.20 Rattails can travel long distances 00:37:11.20,00:37:14.20 across the abyssal plain in search of food 00:37:14.20,00:37:18.19 but others down here[br]prefer to sit and wait. 00:37:21.21,00:37:22.21 This is a tripod fish. 00:37:22.21,00:37:25.21 It supports itself[br]on two specially adapted fin 00:37:25.21,00:37:29.20 rays and can sit motionless[br]for hour after hour. 00:37:31.22,00:37:35.22 It does have tiny eyes,[br]but it's almost totally blind. 00:37:35.22,00:37:38.22 It locates potential prey with a pair of 00:37:38.22,00:37:42.22 fins behind its head, which are sensitive[br]to even tiny movements. 00:37:49.23,00:37:53.23 We know more about the surface of the moon[br]than we do about the abyssal plain. 00:37:54.24,00:37:58.23 Every dive still produces[br]complete surprises. 00:38:04.25,00:38:08.25 This deep sea octopus is about[br]the size of a beach ball... 00:38:08.25,00:38:12.25 and has been nicknamed 'Dumbo'. 00:38:21.27,00:38:24.27 An umbrella of skin between its tentacles 00:38:24.27,00:38:27.27 and its extraordinary[br]flapping ears allow Dumbo 00:38:27.27,00:38:31.26 to hover effortlessly over the sea floor[br]as it searches for food. 00:38:50.29,00:38:53.30 Right in the middle[br]of the abyssal plain lie the 00:38:53.30,00:38:57.29 largest geological structures[br]on our planet... 00:39:03.31,00:39:07.30 ... the mid ocean ridges. 00:39:11.32,00:39:14.32 Rising almost two miles off the sea floor 00:39:14.32,00:39:18.32 the ridges extend for[br]over twenty eight thousand miles 00:39:18.32,00:39:22.32 the largest mountain chain on earth. 00:39:27.33,00:39:30.33 When submersibles finally succeeded[br]in reaching the ridges... 00:39:30.33,00:39:32.34 in the 1970's they found 00:39:32.34,00:39:35.34 an extraordinary world with mile upon mile 00:39:35.34,00:39:38.34 of once molten rock that had welled up[br]from the deep in the past... 00:39:38.34,00:39:42.34 and had now solidified. 00:39:45.35,00:39:49.34 They discovered towering chimneys,[br]pouring out water as hot as molten lead. 00:40:18.38,00:40:22.39 At the surface water becomes steam[br]at a hundred degrees Centigrade 00:40:22.39,00:40:25.39 but down here under the[br]immense pressure of the ocean 00:40:25.39,00:40:29.38 it remains liquid at temperatures[br]as hot as four hundred degrees Centigrade. 00:40:35.40,00:40:37.40 The submersible has to move carefully. 00:40:37.40,00:40:41.39 Disaster is very close when surrounded by[br]such enormous temperatures and pressures. 00:40:45.41,00:40:49.41 And here, where the very water is loaded[br]with hydrogen sulphides 00:40:49.41,00:40:53.41 poisonous to normal life processes,[br]they found living creatures. 00:40:58.42,00:41:02.43 Some of the chimneys were[br]encrusted with white tubes. 00:41:02.43,00:41:06.43 The tubes were inhabited by[br]a new species of polychaete worm 00:41:06.43,00:41:10.42 that was exposed to temperatures[br]as high as eighty degrees Centigrade. 00:41:12.44,00:41:16.44 No other animal on earth was known[br]to tolerate such high temperatures 00:41:16.44,00:41:20.43 so the scientists called these[br]creatures Pompeii worms. 00:41:23.45,00:41:25.45 But this was just the beginning. 00:41:25.45,00:41:27.45 Nearby there were[br]chimneys completely covered... 00:41:27.45,00:41:31.44 by whole communities[br]of different organisms. 00:41:32.46,00:41:36.45 The bottom of the vent was[br]encrusted with large mussels. 00:41:38.46,00:41:42.47 There were swarms of white crabs[br]and most spectacular of all 00:41:42.47,00:41:46.47 dominating the chimney were[br]hundreds of bright red tube worms 00:41:46.47,00:41:50.46 each two metres long[br]and four centimetres wide. 00:41:51.48,00:41:53.48 Until these creatures were discovered 00:41:53.48,00:41:57.48 all life on earth was thought[br]to be dependent on the sun. 00:41:57.48,00:42:00.48 But here,[br]in the complete darkness of the deep 00:42:00.48,00:42:02.49 they had discovered a rich density of life 00:42:02.49,00:42:06.48 that clearly derived[br]no energy from the sun. 00:42:13.50,00:42:15.50 So, what do they live on? 00:42:15.50,00:42:18.50 The answer was found within[br]the tube worms themselves. 00:42:18.50,00:42:21.51 They were packed full[br]of specialised bacteria 00:42:21.51,00:42:25.50 that are able to derive energy from the[br]sulphides that are pouring from the vents. 00:42:31.52,00:42:33.52 The worms' plumes were bright red 00:42:33.52,00:42:35.52 with haemoglobin that carries sulphides 00:42:35.52,00:42:39.52 and oxygen down to the bacteria. 00:42:39.52,00:42:43.53 These bacterial colonies[br]are the primary source of energy... 00:42:43.53,00:42:45.53 for all the life that lives here. 00:42:45.53,00:42:46.53 The mussels were packed with them 00:42:46.53,00:42:49.53 just as green plants are the basis of life 00:42:49.53,00:42:51.54 for animals living in the sun 00:42:51.54,00:42:53.54 so these bacteria and other microbes 00:42:53.54,00:42:57.53 are at the foot of the food chain on[br]which over five hundred species depend. 00:43:05.55,00:43:08.55 Crabs and shrimps[br]feed off bacteria and even 00:43:08.55,00:43:12.55 try to steal pieces of tube worm plumes. 00:43:17.56,00:43:19.56 Since the vents were first visited by 00:43:19.56,00:43:23.56 biologists in 1979 a new species[br]has been described every ten days. 00:43:28.57,00:43:29.57 At the top of the food chain fish 00:43:29.57,00:43:33.58 that never stray far from the vents. 00:43:33.58,00:43:35.58 But they, or their descendants,[br]will have to move eventually 00:43:35.58,00:43:38.58 for we now know that individual vents 00:43:38.58,00:43:42.58 are rarely active[br]for more than a few decades. 00:43:56.60,00:43:59.60 Such a density of life,[br]living in such harsh conditions 00:43:59.60,00:44:02.61 in the middle of a vast and otherwise 00:44:02.61,00:44:06.60 barren abyssal plain astounded the[br]biologists who first saw it. 00:44:10.61,00:44:13.62 It seemed to them[br]that here was evidence of 00:44:13.62,00:44:17.61 how life on this planet, which certainly[br]started in the sea, might have begun. 00:44:23.63,00:44:27.62 Deep sea submersibles made an even more[br]extraordinary discovery in 1990. 00:44:40.64,00:44:44.65 Over half a mile down at[br]the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico 00:44:44.65,00:44:48.65 they came across what appeared[br]to be an underwater lake 00:44:48.65,00:44:52.65 over twenty metres long,[br]with its own sandy shore. 00:44:53.66,00:44:56.66 Around its edge,[br]there even seemed to be a tide line. 00:44:56.66,00:45:00.65 But this couldn't be, of course,[br]this was underwater. 00:45:02.67,00:45:06.66 In fact, the lapping edge was created[br]by a thick soup of salty brine 00:45:07.67,00:45:10.67 far heavier than the surrounding seawater 00:45:10.67,00:45:14.67 and the sand was made up of hundreds[br]of thousands of mussels. 00:45:15.68,00:45:19.68 Once again, in the midst of[br]a totally barren seabed 00:45:19.68,00:45:22.69 an extraordinarily rich oasis of life 00:45:22.69,00:45:26.68 totally independent of the sun's energy. 00:45:29.69,00:45:32.70 The source of energy[br]this time was not sulphides 00:45:32.70,00:45:35.70 but methane bubbling out of the sea bed. 00:45:35.70,00:45:37.70 And once again, the mussels carried 00:45:37.70,00:45:41.69 special bacteria capable of[br]fixing the methane's energy. 00:45:42.71,00:45:43.71 Just like the hot vents 00:45:43.71,00:45:47.70 a complete ecosystem had developed,[br]based on the bacteria. 00:45:48.71,00:45:52.72 There was an enormous variety of[br]completely new species, 00:45:52.72,00:45:56.71 shrimps, weird squat lobsters[br]and bright red polychaete worms. 00:46:07.73,00:46:10.73 These oases were called cold seeps 00:46:10.73,00:46:14.73 and were surprisingly similar[br]to the hot vents. 00:46:19.74,00:46:21.75 The geological processes in the sea floor 00:46:21.75,00:46:23.75 that produce methane also tend to result 00:46:23.75,00:46:26.75 in the release of hydrogen sulphides. 00:46:26.75,00:46:27.75 It was hardly surprising then 00:46:27.75,00:46:31.74 when not far from the brine pool[br]they found tube worms ... 00:46:34.76,00:46:37.76 ... extensive fields of tube worms 00:46:37.76,00:46:40.76 that stretch for hundreds of metres. 00:46:40.76,00:46:42.77 This new species also uses bacteria 00:46:42.77,00:46:44.77 to fix energy from sulphides 00:46:44.77,00:46:48.76 but it extracts them directly[br]from the ground. 00:46:52.78,00:46:56.77 Their beautiful gills are only used[br]to supply oxygen to the bacteria. 00:47:00.78,00:47:04.79 Amazingly, these tube worms are[br]over two hundred years old. 00:47:04.79,00:47:07.79 While hot vent tube worms[br]are thought to be 00:47:07.79,00:47:09.79 the fastest growing invertebrates[br]in the sea 00:47:09.79,00:47:12.80 these appear to be far slower. 00:47:12.80,00:47:16.79 All the more reason to protect your gills[br]from biting amphipods. 00:47:20.80,00:47:24.80 The energy sources exploited by the hot[br]vent animals may suddenly fail 00:47:25.81,00:47:29.80 but here life can enjoy a more[br]stable geological future. 00:47:34.82,00:47:36.82 To discover within ten years 00:47:36.82,00:47:40.82 two completely new ecosystems, both[br]totally independent of the sun's energy 00:47:40.82,00:47:43.83 has been quite extraordinary. 00:47:43.83,00:47:47.83 So far, we have explored just[br]one per cent of the deep ocean floor. 00:47:47.83,00:47:51.82 Who knows what is still[br]out there to be discovered? |
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